Lessening Evil

To continue to remain the policing body and the democratic state that acts justly in international terrorism matters, even when they happen to us as a nation, the United States must accordingly in the capture and prosecution of terrorists and their innocent counterparts. If this respect is breached, our ability to maintain leadership in these matters will be overthrown. We cannot apply the rule and act as the exception, no matter how abhorrent the crimes, because future has been shown to notoriously repeat itself, and violence only breeds violence. In respect to the treatment of detainees, it seems the line should be drawn at non-physical interrogation methods and an interest in the health and wellness of prisoners in order to divulge accurate information. Anything else firstly does not have any validity according to international standards, and secondly is an obvious violation of human rights. Despite criminality  the only necessity in enforcement of human rights is humanity itself, despite one's own disrespect for that, as is often true in terrorist activities.

Life of a Refugee

I'm not sure if we're supposed to continue posting after our presentation, but I'm just gonna go for it.

Fiona Terry discusses the importance of partiality by humanitarian aid in circumstances where oppression and control by the state is prevalent. On the other side of the same coin, Marfleet writes about the consequence of the implementation and the impact of globalization on the displaced millions, and the cultural climate this will create. As the exchange of information begins the flow more and more freely, it is imperitive that great nations are responsible for being informed, and not turning away from these conflicts. In a global community, it is preposterous to allow and accept these great states to maintain neutrality in issues that are so plainly divided by right and wrong, good vs. evil, and most times armed vs. innocent.If these countries will not allow the displaced millions onto their soil for safety from their state, then they must enter the conversation and demand the respect of the rights of these citizens. While this will oftentimes seem like the jurisdiction of a greater state on a less-developed one.. this is a world of continued development.. and that idea will perish if the rights of humans of every race, gender and culture are protected and revered.

Progress Report # 4

Progress Report # 4

The following is an outline of our presentation. We have also decided who will speak and when they will speak. We plan to present this information in a Prezi form. Within our presentation we include facts, statistics, games, activities, and other forms of interaction with the class. In addition, we also plan to use images and videos to appeal to our audience’s pathos and to encourage them to take action towards the genocide in Darfur. We have divided up our presentation in a way such that each team member makes a valuable contribution.

• Feature Introduction Terri
• Historical tragedies comparison with graphs Austin
• Rape Victim Video Alex
• Mission statement Terri
• Boomerang Effect (Sikkink) Sinikka
• Darfur Timeline Larry
• historical and political background leading up to genocide (Britain) Brent
• Decolonization Terri
• Cultural relativism (group ID reading) Terri
• Key players Larry
• Gangs vs. ethnic warfare (Ethnic Warfare reading) Terri
• “Rwanda in Slow-Motion” Terri

·       Numbers Activity Austin

o   Human rights violated Alex

·       Definition of genocide Sinikka

·       UN convention says... (Ethnic Warfare reading) Terri

·       Humanitarian Aid Larry

o   Statistics Larry

o   UN stalled... Brent

·       George Clooney + Don Cheadle: movie Austin

o   Video Austin

o   Prosecution of offenders is difficult Terri

·       Current Events: Russian helicopters and such... Sinikka

o   Doctors beyond Borders (Southern Sudan state) Larry

o   NYTIMES: Rebellion quote Terri

·       Women and Children Austin

o   Video game Sinikka

o          • Camp life Larry

o          • 1-800-GENOCIDE Mitch

o          • Save Darfur Mitch

o   STAND Mitch

o   Information accessible (NYTIMES) Terri

o           • Becoming and NGO (Simon) Terri

o           • Petition Terri

Human Trafficking

The idea that a modern world such as ours still struggles over a century after the global abolishment of slavery is simply an atrocity. Like the displaced women and children of Darfur, who cannot walk to the water spout without fear of rape and injury, even death, women and children all over the globe are forced into and oftentimes born into a network of slavery where a human life can be bought and sold. More importantly these individuals are not connected with their families to a single master, as many remember the traditional forms of American slavery, but are separated from their families and used as a product to perform work or acts and then be thrown away when deemed 'useless.' As we have learned to view the conflict in Darfur as a game with a few ruthless players who take the lives of individuals without remorse, we see human trafficking as an even greater threat the rights of humanity because the conflict is not concentrated into any one region, but spans the globe. The only solution is to take the identified corporations who incur profit from the work of enslaved individuals and hold them accountable. In a wealthy world that consumes more products and services than one can fathom, it is more important and relevant that we know where our money goes, and to whom's direct disservice.

Question for Alicia Partnoy

Did you realize the scope of what was happening in Argentina at that time while you were imprisoned? Did you think that you would ever have the capability to seek justice against your capturers/torturers?

International Human Rights as an Evolving Definition

Through Clark's recount of the international adoption of a definition of "disappearance" and the subsequent path that citizens and NGOs alike must take in order to defend the persons involved, it is made obvious that making a claim for the international 'citizen' is no easy or short process. Creating norms for the global community is an effort that demands incredible vigilance and a dedication to the rights of an individual despite the claims of violation of the sovereign state. As made evident by the atrocities of missing people in Chile and later Argentina, the UN met quite possibly it's greatest difficulty in creating policy in a circumstance where the state often wholly denies any involvement. Creating accountability here starts at the basest level.. that a state must pledge to uphold the rights of an individual to be treated fairly during and after their arrest. A state's ability to simply dispose of a person on whatever grounds and then lie about any information or involvement is quite possibly the most tragic violationsof one's human rights in that it simply ignores them. Simultaneously it was nearly impossible for the international community to police prior to the invocation of the 14-point program by Amnesty International to identify and defend the cases of 'disappearance' as a cynical term. AI's champion effort to find the facts and bring individual cases to light is what spurs enough response to generate an international 'norm'. Essentially this is what NGOs seek to do in pursuit of their individual goals, and what Amnesty has been able to set as a precedence for other like organizations.

Progress Report # 3

Progress Report # 3

The following are the summaries of each of our group members’ (Darfur Action Campaign group) findings. Save Darfur!

Austin Ellis:

For our Darfur Action Campaign group, I have had various responsibilities and conducted different types of research.  The first question I researched was, “How has the genocide affected woman and children, the economy, and the continent of Africa? “ I learned that women and children are being gang raped both inside and outside of Sudan. Women and children have been separated from their families and are assaulted and raped.

As a result of this, the women have been fleeing to Eastern Chad to hide out in refugee camps. Unfortunately, they continued to be mistreated. They are beaten severely on their arms and legs. While being interviewed, one women reported that she attempted to hide, but was found, and was raped by four to six men. In fact, she said she lost count. She was eight months pregnant. The baby died at birth.

I also looked into ways that Indiana University students can help and take action. One of the organizations is called UNICEF. They raise money in order to buy things like medicine, food, and water for those who have been affected the genocide. In addition, there is a student-led division called “Students Taking Action Now: Darfur (STAND).

Sinikka Roinila:

 In my findings I discovered that Helen Fein’s article was very insightful to understand genocide and what has happened in Darfur. I didn’t know anything about genocide, the definition, or Darfur before I read this article, so it incredibly helped spur on my enthusiasm for our action group.

        

Fein stated that genocide is the “killing of people in groups targeted because of organized political oppositions” and that “actions found in genocide are murders or otherwise harming members of a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group with the intention of destroying the group, in whole or in part. I also learned that the actions specific to the Darfur genocide were disease-producing conditions, starvation in camps and ghettos, slave labor, torture, and poisoning of air and water. She also gave me the basic facts of the genocide, including the year it started (2003), that the victims were the African tribes and the perpetrators was the Sudanese government. The number of deaths was less than 400,000 but with more research on Google, I found this to be much higher than the deaths in 9/11.

       

I learned that the reason for the genocide could either have been to eliminate a real threat, spread terror, acquire economic wealth, or implement beliefs.

      

 In articles about the UN we read for class, I also learned that there were many reasons why the US or UN did not immediately come into play. They did not want to risk their own lives. In this light, Fein brought up preventative questions one could use to tell if a government was leaning toward genocide, and since the UN missed these questions and answers- they were hesitant to now fix the problem that they couldn’t prevent, which is their job.

       

Lastly, one interesting point I noticed in Fein’s article was that the USA got involved in the Darfur crisis, but limited its participation, because we were only there to help our own agenda. It was like we cared more about our own national goals than others lives.

        

The second part of research that I did was to answer Question #8 of our first progress report. To do so, I looked at the current status and situation of what is going on in Darfur in order to further recognition where it was that our action group needed to land ship.

       

I learned that this past March, Obama was pressured by George Clooney to talk with China about collaborating in pressuring the Sudanese government to end the violence that is still occurring in Darfur. It was just this past April that Russian helicopters decided to pull out of the genocide, which has led to more difficulties for aid and left people to their own violence. There are still fights occurring between villages.

        

Also, currently the Russian and Chinese are selling weapons to the Sudanese government in the knowledge that they will be used for violence, aid is being withheld and people are still displaced, even though the peace treaty was already signed and despite the UN arms embargo act.

       

Finally, I found that Omar Al-Bashir, the Sudanese president, was arrested in 2010 for crimes against humanity, and that there is actually a video game online about the Darfur crisis where you can pretend to be a villager in order to bring awareness to the issue.

       

In conclusion, I did decide the stance that our group would take as our “thesis” as an answer to Question #8 (the hardest question). We want the resulting actions of the presentation to be raised awareness and pressure put onto the students to sign a petition that would be brought before congress and pressure them to talk to the Sudanese government again. It’s Fein’s Boomerang Effect all over the place!

Larry Bryant:

The genocide in Darfur has caused the destruction of over 400 villages, causing initially 400,000 deaths with about 100 people continuing to die each day.  2,700,000 survivors of the genocide have been displaced from their homes and are currently living in refugee camps.  The people who caused this chaos was the Arab ran government (unofficially), led by President Omar al Bashir, who enlisted an extremist group called the Janjaweed to actually commit the acts of genocide.  Ultimately, the United Nations and other powers stepped in to intervene in the situation and to aid those whose most basic human rights have been taken, the African tribes or the non-Arabs of Sudan.  Many people have contributed to the efforts to restore order to the victims of the genocide including, 85 non-governmental organization and 16 United Nations agencies adding up to about 17,700 humanitarian workers.  The Sudanese government has had a history of making humanitarian efforts very hard to achieve, including even shutting down some camps and programs within the nation in retaliation to arrest warrants issued by the international crime court (one including President Bashir). 

Alex Buettner:

For the Darfur action campaign group I have researched which rights Sudan has violated in comparison to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. From what I have researched on the events that took place and ones that are still occurring, I have inferred that there are 18 out of the 30 human rights that have been violated. These only include the rights that have substantial evidence against them. I have also found videos that contribute to our groups Prezi presentation, including one on the UNs confrontation with Sudan, George Clooney's involvement, as well as interviews from those that have been firsthand victims of the atrocities that have occurred in Darfur. I have also researched ways that other student groups have gotten involved with the Darfur genocide in order to give our action campaign group ideas on how to go about making a difference and presenting our view to the class. 

Brenton Klein:

I began my research by reading two articles about the Darfur genocide. The first article, written by Eric Reeves, appeared in Dissent Magazine. Reeves is a professor at Smith College and has written extensively on Sudan. He basically condemns the United Nations for not taking sooner action in regards to intervention.

The second article, written by Molly Miller, appeared in the Mediterranean Quarterly. Miller works for the US House of Representatives and was special assistant to the Sudan mission director of the US Agency for International Development mission in Khartoum, Sudan, and Washington, DC. The article gives a brief history of Sudan and details how that history led to the genocide. Miller also suggests a couple of ways to end the genocide. Together, these two articles were quite informative of the situation in Darfur.

I also looked into any worthwhile media sources regarding the Darfur genocide. I came across a couple of films that may provide a short clip or two when it comes to our presentation. Additionally, one of these films could certainly count towards our activism involvement. One film is a documentary that was made during the height of the genocide. It details the situation and urges people to action. The second film is a drama directed by infamous director Uwe Boll. It may not be as accurate as the documentary, but it accurately portrays the horrors that have taken place in Darfur.

Furthermore, I have also researched the Sudanese political system, and how that system has contributed to the genocide. Basically, Sudan is now basically regarded as an authoritarian state run by President Omar al-Bashir. His pro-Islamist views eventually reached radical levels when he responded violently to rebel uprisings. Although efforts have been made by international players, al-Bashir continues to rule the country and was even re-elected in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election.

Lastly, I focused specifically on the events immediately preceding the beginning of the genocide. Tensions had been rising between semi-nomadic livestock herders and those who practice sedentary agriculture. These tensions were due to a massive drought, and eventually racial tensions were exacerbated as well. The government of Sudan saw an opportunity to erase non-Arabs from the region and installed policies to strengthen the brewing hatred. Soon, some of these non-Arabs got fed up and rebelled against the government. This was exactly what Khartoum officials had expected, and they responded by beginning a mass extermination of not only the rebels, but innocent civilians as well.

Mitchell Meyer:

As our campaign action group continues to research and discover new things about the horrible events of the Darfur Genocide, I have been able to develop a better understanding of the genocide as a whole. The region of Sudan located in eastern Africa is a home to around six million people and over 100 tribes. Some being Nomads and some are farmers. In 1989 a man of the name Omar Bashir took control of the Sudan by military coup, which allowed the National Islamic Front Government to spark regional tensions. With the struggle of political control now, many people became angry and conflicts occurred between many African farmers and some nomadic Arab tribes. In 2003 is when the genocide took off. Two Rebel movements became angry with the Sudan government complaining about the failure to protect people from the attacks by nomads. In response to this the government released the Janjaweed (Arab Militia). The Janjaweed went out and destroyed over 400 villages and millions of civilians were forced to leave their homes. As the Genocide continues to go on, African farmers are being displaced and murdered by the Janjaweed. So far the Genocide has took over 400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people. Over this horrible event the Sudanese government denies to having any connection to the Janjaweed and appears reluctant to address the human rights crisis in the region. They took no necessary steps to stop the activities of the Janjaweed, which became a huge problem. In 2005 the international criminal court (ICC) took action by launching investigations of human rights violations in Darfur, and once again the Sudanese government refused to be involved with the investigation. Today Darfur continues to suffer and the many problems happening in Sudan cannot be resolved until peace is protected in Darfur. This tragic event needs as much support as they can get for there are 2.7 million people still displaced in camps.

I am currently also trying to contact the African Studies Department as well. We want to send out some emails and contact people that have been affected by the genocide that would be able to speak with our group or maybe hold a videoconference. This will give our presentation a more close up emotional feeling and will draw the audience’s attention to the subject.

For people to get involved, they must be aware of what type of things they can do to help stop genocides all around the world. There are many organizations on the web that raise money for the Darfur genocide, but the two biggest ones that caught my eye and are more well-known are STAND and savedarfur.org. These organizations are doing great things and let people get involved and not just donate money. When people actually get to be involved in a movement and make a difference that makes them feel great rather than just sending money. Another interesting thing I found was an organization called the Genocide Intervention Network. This was created in 2005 and it allows people to call their anti-genocide hotline 1-800-GENOCIDE, to talk to elected officials on the Darfur Genocide and Sudan-related problems.

Terry Pritch:

Terri contributed to the group by posting weekly in the group’s blog and researching ways to spread awareness about the conflict in Darfur in a way that will reach the IU student and Bloomington resident despite the distance and cultural difference. Terri is also the Communications chair for the IU Chapter of Amnesty International and will be working with them to write a letter to a prominent figure in the Sudan government asking for reform and change in defense of the human rights of their citizens.

Decolonization of the Third World

In Jackson's article on decolonization, he writes that the many of the non-European colonies were not decolonized as a result of a declaration of self-determination, as the majority of the world was, because these countries (specifically the third world colonies) were 'inhabited by peoples unable to stand under the strenuous conditions of the modern world.' While we can agree that life was very different for individuals living in these countries, is it not fair to say that leaders shall emerge when leadership is necessary? It was understood that these colonies, if left to define and devise their own government, would divide themselves into "400 or 500 different countries" versus the 40-50 that they are today. The subsequent global declaration of decolonization seems to stand in stark contrast.. simply as the UN and the international community came to realize that colonization was wrong in it's nature, and that the colonized people could not perceive nor exercise sovereign freedom unless the strings of rule were cut, whether it be across oceans or invisible borders. However, was this 'realization' truly that, or simply a vested interest of the world's powers to no longer support these countries/be responsible for their evolution and any crimes committed by those peoples. The readiness of the various third world countries we speak of is not the issue, but it is the question of what individuals were prepared to assume power and leadership when they gain the title of a sovereign state. The international community played a small part in this unfolding, and can subsequently be held responsible for the eventual breakdown and relentless persecution and violation of human rights in these countries that we continue to witness in the present day.

Becoming an NGO

When we discuss what our goal is as the Action Campaign group, the most difficult obstacle we face is taking out information and making it viable - more or less, creating change by educating our peers on what is really happening. The rights that are outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights gives a clear line as to what is acceptable and what is not, despite state sovereignty. In an ever shrinking global economy, the line must be finely toed. Simmons writes emphatically that NGO's face less opposition today, with the advent of the world wide web and the quick exchange of information, than it ever has before. This seems to us not a coicidence, but a chance to create change in a world that desperately seeks a unified effort to create a society that values and appreciates human rights with disregard to the monetary value of a human. It is more prevalent now than ever that bringing awareness to the detestable violation of human rights can no longer be ignored by those of us living in 'wealthy' societies with the full access to the tools to create change.

Question for Professor Quigley

Do you think a part of the reason of why the United States did not want the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as women's rights treaties, to be legally binding was because it was a threat to the governments power and what do you think they were afraid of happening? Would the United States still be opposed in having the declaration legally binding today even though the US abides by the rights? If not, why?

Also, is the act of participating with the declaration still effective even though there is no commitment that nations needs to be abide by because there are no legal consequences?

Progress Report #2 Darfur Group

https://docs.google.com/open?id=1g1pdeOtQsVIUtsfq3YsFLWnBoYe8rYRc5OlZSk6gu8UY9qGylCCo1oGMEiEt 


Posted by J Hunter

Question for Mr. Rutonesha

Mr Rutonesha, after you left for the United States, did you ever think that the situation in Rwanda could develop into genocide? And do you think a quicker, more effective response from the United Nations could have prevented such a tragedy?

Ethnic Warfare

The Mueller and Peck offer new perspective when discussing the situation in Rwanda and subsequently, Darfur. I have heard Darfur referred as "Rwanda in slow motion". Essentially, the plot plays out slower, but the results are beginning to look much the same, with the same sort of characters in play. What seems to be an all-against-all war is more accurately the forcible takeover by unpoliced thugs fueled by government incitement and 'liquid courage' that threatens the civilian population. Ultimately the responsibility leads back to those few who have not only committed genocide by an act of killing, but the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide clearly states that conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and complicity with genocide are all punishable by law. The government is involved in arming and giving orders to these marauders that are taking and threatening the lives of these neighbors. It is not people against people, but few against many. A situation that, when addressed logically, might be taken care of quickly. Identifying these players and sending in some sort of international force would have most likely quickly pacified the situation, Mueller writes, but I wonder if that would only be a short term solution when a government is actively working against it's own citizens.

Questions for Meuller

-Have you had praxtis in what you have explained in your article? Do you have experience on these subjects? Yes, it makes total sense. But have you seen it, been a part of it, or tried to stop it with policy? 

-On your theory that international militant intervention would quickly cause a 'thug' ran war to quickly disperse, would this apply to what's going on in the Darfur region in Sudan today? Or are there different factors in Darfur that were not in Serbia or Rwanda?   

A Network of Nonviolence - A Plan to Spur Action

We found a special tool in the Keck/Sikkink reading "Activists Beyond Borders." When trying to generate an air of change, our greatest tool in the technology age will be to reframe the conversation about human rights violations in the global community. Creating a boomerang effect that jumpstarts an international conversation and initiates action and involvement from foreign aid is essentially the responsibility and mission of advocacy groups that have been sprouting since the 60's. The majority of these groups exist solely to defend human rights. Our goal as a group is to figure out concrete solutions, and with formulating an argument that roughly resembles the truth that Gandhi writes in "My Faith in Nonviolence" and sharing the information we have, we can hope to create a snowball effect of action and reaction. The most difficult barrier will be overcoming the trend of inaction by the world's powers in response to third world countries. But with a shrinking middle class that wants to see a real change in the global climate, we might find more willing advocates that will pressure those in power positions to create change.

The Politics of Death in Darfur

Terri

http://courses.fresno.edu/ken.martens.friesen/ModernAfrica/politics%20of%20death%20in%20darfur.pdf

3 & 6 (report 1)

How has the genocide affected women and children, the economy, and the continent of Africa?

• women and children are being gang raped.

• women and children are separated from their families.

• many women fled to Eastern Chad to refugee camps where they believed they would be safe. They continued to be raped and assaulted.

• weren’t given jobs

• a women reported she tried to hide, but was found, and was raped by four to six men. She said she lost count. She was 8 months pregnant. The baby died at birth.

            • after the rape her husband divorced her

• they are beaten on their arms and legs severely (so that they cannot use them while they are being raped).

           

• treated as slaves

            • each time the women leave the camps to collect firewood or visit the local market, they are raped.

How can Indiana University students get involved?

• UNICEF

·         provision of essential drugs and medicines to women and children;

·         nutritional screening and therapeutic feeding for children and pregnant women;

·         hygiene training and emergency water supplies;

·         and reunification of children with their families.

•43 % of all children who were treated for malnutrition received support as a direct result of UNICEF

• Help Darfur Now (HDN)

**Note**: It was difficult to find information in regards to how IU students can directly help Darfur. We will need to research this further.

Group Identity and Darfur

The situation in Darfur is most concisely explained as a result of intense group identity that separates their society. The ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi lead to action by many Darfurians, specifically those from Arab or African dissent. The schism between the two groups essentially lays the plot line for what unfolded in the late 90's and early 21st century. The sense of group supremacy that is so prevalent here can be loosely tied to an idea of cultural relativism in a society that sees the purge of certain races in their society to be something righteous. With these individuals empowered by their government and encouraged by leaders (who have fallen since), opposition by the unarmed civilian is nothing short of a death wish. Without the intervention of international aid, 2.8 million people are displaced and lived in camps, despite their conditions, because they are somewhat more safe there from genocidal killing, kidnap, and/or rape. They live in fear without support from any in their own country or across the globe.

Progress Report # 1

Progress Report # 1-Darfur

Plan:

We plan to meet as a group at least once a week in order to update and clarify what we will be presenting to the class on October 31^st. We will also be exploring and confirming different resources on this topic through the group’s personal Google Document. We will be working with Prezi in order to bring a more dynamic action campaign to the classroom. We will also be planning incorporation of the class in order to boost their awareness and ultimately motivate them to action.

The resources we will explore include; United Nations, articles containing eye witness accounts by Miller and Reeves, Helen Fein’s articles, and the savedarfur.org website. We will also be looking into websites such as africaaction.com and humanrightswatch.com and books such as “Tears of the Desert: A Memoir of Survival in Darfur”. We will be attempting to include eyewitnesses or recordings of people in foundations, organizations, or friends who have been affected or have been involved in Darfur.  We have heard that there are movies on Darfur and will be looking into them.

We have tentatively decided that Sinikka and Austin will be in charge of the multimedia presentation.  Alex will be creating ideas to sell the action campaign to the class. Bret will be in charge of updating the class on our progress via the online blog and progress reports. Mitchell will be the presenter of the action campaign and Larry will be chief researcher on this project.

Questions we will try to answer:

1.)  Who are the key players in the Darfur genocide?

2.)  How many lives has the genocide claimed?

3.)  How has the genocide affected women and children, the economy, and the continent of Africa?

4.)  Which human rights is the genocide violating?

5.)  What kind of aid has been sent to Darfur and how has it been helping?

6.)  How can Indiana University students get involved?

7.)   How did the genocide begin, and what are the reasons for it?

8.)   What do we, as an action campaign group, want the resulting actions of this presentation to be?

9.)    What are the hidden political motivations behind the genocide?

10.)   After the genocide resolves, what actions will be taken to prevent this from happening again?

We will build an effective campaign through educating the class on the impact of Darfur on their lives as well as others. We will get them involved through activities, quizzes, and creative ideas. We will also build their motivation to help victims of Darfur by introducing them to different ways they can get involved and change the impact of the genocide. Finally, we will incorporate videos and small articles from websites such as the Onion in order to keep the class interested. 

Darfur

In reflection of this week's readings, the most prevalent question in relationship to Darfur seems to be "Why Not?" When considering an international moral code and discussing why and when foreign countries come to the aid of their neighbors or allies, it begs the question, "where was the help for Darfur?" The lack of international response to an ongoing event ,that has gone down as one of the worst humanitarian violations in history, reflects international relations theories covered by Kaufman and Pape. It's difficult to apply these because few countries have become involved in this civil conflict. This goes for the Finnamore chapter as well, because each article identifies the motives and results of countries in major conflicts while Darfur and it's genocide has been largely ignored by the global community.